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? 2001 micr o chi p technology inc. ds41097c-page 1 HCS320 features security ? pr o grammab l e 2 8-b i t seri a l n umber ? pr o grammab l e 6 4-b i t e ncryp t io n k e y ? e a c h tra n s m i s s i o n i s un i que ? 6 6-b i t tr a nsm i ssio n c o d e le n gth ? 3 2-b i t h o p p in g c o de ? 3 4-b i t f i x e d c od e (2 8 -bi t s e ria l n u m b e r , 4 -bi t fu n ct i o n c o de , 2-b i t s t at u s) ? e n crypt i o n keys ar e rea d pr o tected operating ? 3 .5v - 13. 0 v o p er a t ion ? s h if t ke y a nd t h re e i n pu t s ? 1 6 f u n c tio n s av a i l ab l e ? s e lec t a b l e ba u d r a te ? au t o m a t ic c o de w o rd c o m p l e t i on ? b a ttery l o w sig n al t ransmitt e d t o rece i v e r ? b a ttery l o w i n dicat i o n o n led ? n o n - v o l a t i l e s y n c h ro n i z a t i o n d a ta other ? e a sy-to- u s e pr o grammin g i n terf a ce ? on-chip eeprom ? on- c h i p o s c il l at o r a n d t i m i n g comp o ne n t s ? bu t t o n i n p u t s h a ve i n t e rn a l p u l l -d o wn re s i s t ors ? cu r ren t limi t in g o n led o u t p ut ? l ow e x te r na l c o m p on e nt c o s t t ypical applicatio n s t h e hcs3 2 0 is id e al f o r remot e k e y l ess en t ry (rke) a pp l i c ati o n s . t h e s e a pp l i c ati o n s i n c l ud e : ? aut o m o ti v e rke s yst e ms ? aut o m o ti v e a l arm s y s t e m s ? au t o m o t i v e i m m o b i l i z e rs ? gat e a n d g ara g e d oo r op e ners ? id e n t i ty t o k e ns ? b u rgl a r a l arm s y s tems description t h e hcs3 2 0 fr o m mi c ro c hi p t e c h no l og y in c . i s a c o d e h o p p in g e ncod e r d es i g n e d fo r secur e remot e k e y l ess e n try (rke) sys t ems. t h e hcs32 0 u t i l iz e s t h e co d e h o p p in g t e c h no l og y w h i c h i n c o rp o rat e s hi g h se c u r i t y , a s m a ll p a c k a ge o u t l in e , an d l o w c o s t, t o m a k e th i s d e v i c e a per f e c t s o l u ti o n f o r u n i d ire c t i on a l r e m o te ke y - l es s e ntr y s y s t e m s a n d a c ce s s c o ntr o l s y s te m s. package t ypes HCS320 block diagram t h e hcs 3 20 c o m b in e s a 32- b it ho p pi n g co d e ge n er- a t ed by a n o n l in e ar encry p ti o n al g ori t hm, w i th a 2 8- b it seri a l numb e r a nd six s t at u s b i t s to crea t e a 6 6- b it tr a n s m i s s io n s t ream. t h e l e ng t h o f the t ran s mis s i o n e l imi n ate s th e t h rea t o f c o d e s c an n in g a n d t h e c o d e h o p p in g m e c h a ni s m m a k es e a c h t ran s m i s s i o n un i q u e, t h us re n d e rin g cod e cap t ur e an d r e s e n d (c o d e gr a b- b i n g ) s c h e m e s u s e le s s. 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 s0 s1 s2 shi f t v dd led p w m v ss pdi p , soic hcs3 2 0 v ss v dd o scillat o r r e set cir c uit led d r i v er co n tr o l l e r po w er l a tchi n g a n d swi t ching butt o n i n put p o rt 32 - bit shift re g ister enc o der e e pr o m p w m led shi f t s 2 s 1 s 0 k ee l oq ? code hopping encoder
HCS320 ds41097c-page 2 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. the crypt key, serial number and configuration data are stored in an eeprom array which is not accessible via any external connection. the eeprom data is pro- grammable but read-protected. the data can be veri- fied only after an automatic erase and programming operation. this protects against attempts to gain access to keys or manipulate synchronization values. the HCS320 provides an easy-to-use serial interface for programming the necessary keys, system parame- ters and configuration data. 1.0 system overview key terms the following is a list of key terms used throughout this data sheet. for additional information on k ee l oq and code hopping, refer to technical brief 3 (tb003). ? rke - remote keyless entry ? button status - indicates what button input(s) activated the transmission. encompasses the 4 button status bits s3, s2, s1 and s0 (figure 4-2). ? code hopping - a method by which a code, viewed externally to the system, appears to change unpredictably each time it is transmitted. ? code word - a block of data that is repeatedly transmitted upon button activation (figure 4-1). ? transmission - a data stream consisting of repeating code words (figure 8-2). ? crypt key - a unique and secret 64-bit number used to encrypt and decrypt data. in a symmetri- cal block cipher such as the k ee l oq algorithm, the encryption and decryption keys are equal and will therefore be referred to generally as the crypt key. ? encoder - a device that generates and encodes data. ? encryption algorithm - a recipe whereby data is scrambled using a crypt key. the data can only be interpreted by the respective decryption algorithm using the same crypt key. ? decoder - a device that decodes data received from an encoder. ? decryption algorithm - a recipe whereby data scrambled by an encryption algorithm can be unscrambled using the same crypt key. ? learn C learning involves the receiver calculating the transmitters appropriate crypt key, decrypting the received hopping code and storing the serial number, synchronization counter value and crypt key in eeprom. the k ee l oq product family facil- itates several learning strategies to be imple- mented on the decoder. the following are examples of what can be done. - simple learning the receiver uses a fixed crypt key, common to all components of all systems by the same manufacturer, to decrypt the received code words encrypted portion. - normal learning the receiver uses information transmitted during normal operation to derive the crypt key and decrypt the received code words encrypted portion. - secure learn the transmitter is activated through a special button combination to transmit a stored 60-bit seed value used to generate the transmitters crypt key. the receiver uses this seed value to derive the same crypt key and decrypt the received code words encrypted portion. ? manufacturers code C a unique and secret 64- bit number used to generate unique encoder crypt keys. each encoder is programmed with a crypt key that is a function of the manufacturers code. each decoder is programmed with the manufac- turer code itself. the HCS320 code hopping encoder is designed specif- ically for keyless entry systems; primarily vehicles and home garage door openers. the encoder portion of a keyless entry system is integrated into a transmitter, carried by the user and operated to gain access to a vehicle or restricted area. the HCS320 is meant to be a cost-effective yet secure solution to such systems, requiring very few external components (figure 2-1). most low-end keyless entry transmitters are given a fixed identification code that is transmitted every time a button is pushed. the number of unique identification codes in a low-end system is usually a relatively small number. these shortcomings provide an opportunity for a sophisticated thief to create a device that grabs a transmission and retransmits it later, or a device that quickly scans all possible identification codes until the correct one is found. the HCS320 on the other hand, employs the k ee l oq code hopping technology coupled with a transmission length of 66 bits to virtually eliminate the use of code grabbing or code scanning. the high security level of the HCS320 is based on the patented k ee l oq technol- ogy. a block cipher based on a block length of 32 bits and a key length of 64 bits is used. the algorithm obscures the information in such a way that even if the transmission information (before coding) differs by only one bit from that of the previous transmission, the next
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 3 HCS320 coded transmission will be completely different. statis- tically, if only one bit in the 32-bit string of information changes, greater than 50 percent of the coded trans- mission bits will change. as indicated in the block diagram on page one, the HCS320 has a small eeprom array which must be loaded with several parameters before use; most often programmed by the manufacturer at the time of produc- tion. the most important of these are: ? a 28-bit serial number, typically unique for every encoder ? a crypt key ? an initial 16-bit synchronization value ? a 16-bit configuration value the crypt key generation typically inputs the transmitter serial number and 64-bit manufacturers code into the key generation algorithm (figure 1-1). the manufac- turers code is chosen by the system manufacturer and must be carefully controlled as it is a pivotal part of the overall system security. figure 1-1: creation and storage of crypt key during production the 16-bit synchronization counter is the basis behind the transmitted code word changing for each transmis- sion; it increments each time a button is pressed. due to the code hopping algorithms complexity, each incre- ment of the synchronization value results in greater than 50% of the bits changing in the transmitted code word. figure 1-2 shows how the key values in eeprom are used in the encoder. once the encoder detects a button press, it reads the button inputs and updates the syn- chronization counter. the synchronization counter and crypt key are input to the encryption algorithm and the output is 32 bits of encrypted information. this data will change with every button press, its value appearing externally to randomly hop around, hence it is referred to as the hopping portion of the code word. the 32-bit hopping code is combined with the button information and serial number to form the code word transmitted to the receiver. the code word format is explained in greater detail in section 4.0. a receiver may use any type of controller as a decoder, but it is typically a microcontroller with compatible firm- ware that allows the decoder to operate in conjunction with an HCS320 based transmitter. section 7.0 provides detail on integrating the HCS320 into a sys- tem. a transmitter must first be learned by the receiver before its use is allowed in the system. learning includes calculating the transmitters appropriate crypt key, decrypting the received hopping code and storing the serial number, synchronization counter value and crypt key in eeprom. in normal operation, each received message of valid format is evaluated. the serial number is used to deter- mine if it is from a learned transmitter. if from a learned transmitter, the message is decrypted and the synchro- nization counter is verified. finally, the button status is checked to see what operation is requested. figure 1- 3 shows the relationship between some of the values stored by the receiver and the values received from the transmitter. transmitter manufacturers serial number code crypt key key generation algorithm serial number crypt key sync counter . . . HCS320 production programmer eeprom array
HCS320 ds41097c-page 4 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. figure 1-2: building the transmitted code word (encoder) figure 1-3: basic operation of receiver (decoder) note: circled numbers indicate the order of execution. button press information eeprom array 32 bits encrypted data serial number transmitted information crypt key sync counter serial number k ee l oq encryption algorithm button press information eeprom array manufacturer code 32 bits of encrypted data serial number received information decrypted synchronization counter check for match sync counter serial number k ee l oq decryption algorithm 1 3 4 check for match 2 perform function indicated by button press 5 crypt key
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 5 HCS320 2.0 device operation as shown in the typical application circuits (figure 2-1), the HCS320 is a simple device to use. it requires only the addition of buttons and rf circuitry for use as the transmitter in your security application. a description of each pin is described in table 2-1. figure 2-1: typical circuits table 2-1: pin descriptions the HCS320 will wake-up upon detecting a button press and delay approximately 10 ms for button debounce (figure 2-2). the synchronization counter, discrimination value and button information will be encrypted to form the hopping code. the hopping code portion will change every transmission, even if the same button is pushed again. a code word that has been transmitted will not repeat for more than 64k transmissions. this provides more than 18 years of use before a code is repeated; based on 10 operations per day. overflow information sent from the encoder can be used to extend the number of unique transmissions to more than 192k. if in the transmit process it is detected that a new but- ton(s) has been pressed, a reset will immediately occur and the current code word will not be completed. please note that buttons removed will not have any effect on the code word unless no buttons remain pressed; in which case the code word will be completed and the power-down will occur. b0 tx out s0 s1 s2 shift led v dd pwm v ss 2 button remote control b1 tx out s0 s1 s2 shift led v dd pwm v ss 5 button remote control (1) b3 b2 b1 b0 note 1: the full 16 function codes are implemented using the shift button. 2: resistor r is recommended for current limiting. +12v +12v r (2) r (2) shift name pin number description s0 1 switch input 0 s1 2 switch input 1 s2 3 switch input 2/clock pin when in programming mode shift 4 switch input for shift v ss 5 ground reference pwm 6 pulse width modulation (pwm) output pin / data pin for programming mode led 7 cathode connection for led v dd 8 positive supply voltage
HCS320 ds41097c-page 6 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. figure 2-2: encoder operation 3.0 eeprom memory organization the HCS320 contains 192 bits (12 x 16-bit words) of eeprom memory (table 3-1). this eeprom array is used to store the encryption key information, synchronization value, etc. further descriptions of the memory array is given in the following sections. table 3-1: eeprom memory map 3.1 key_0 - key_3 (64-bit crypt key) the 64-bit crypt key is used to create the encrypted message transmitted to the receiver. this key is calcu- lated and programmed during production using a key generation algorithm. the key generation algorithm may be different from the k ee l oq algorithm. inputs to the key generation algorithm are typically the transmit- ters serial number and the 64-bit manufacturers code. while the key generation algorithm supplied from microchip is the typical method used, a user may elect to create their own method of key generation. this may be done providing that the decoder is programmed with the same means of creating the key for decryption purposes. power-up reset and debounce delay (10 ms) encrypt with load transmit register buttons added? all buttons released? (button pressed) set tx:= off transmit stop crypt key complete code word transmission no transmit button pressed? increment shift level stop transmit shift button pressed? tx=on? update sync info tx=on? set tx:=on no no no yes yes no yes yes no yes yes word address mnemonic description 0 key_0 64-bit encryption key (word 0) lsbs 1 key_1 64-bit encryption key (word 1) 2 key_2 64-bit encryption key (word 2) 3 key_3 64-bit encryption key (word 3) msbs 4 sync 16-bit synchronization value 5 reserved set to 0000h 6 ser_0 device serial number (word 0) lsbs 7 ser_1 (note) device serial number (word 1) msbs 8 not used 9 not used 10 reserved set to 0000h 11 config configuration word note: the msb of the serial number contains a bit used to select the auto-shutoff timer.
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 7 HCS320 3.2 sync (synchronization counter) this is the 16-bit synchronization value that is used to create the hopping code for transmission. this value will be changed after every transmission. 3.3 reserved must be initialized to 0000h. 3.4 ser_0, ser_1 (encoder serial number) ser_0 and ser_1 are the lower and upper words of the device serial number, respectively. although there are 32 bits allocated for the serial number, only the lower order 28 bits are transmitted. the serial number is meant to be unique for every transmitter. the most significant bit of the serial number (bit 31) is used to turn the auto-shutoff timer on or off. 3.4.1 auto-shutoff timer enable the most significant bit of the serial number (bit 31) is used to turn the auto-shutoff timer on or off. this timer prevents the transmitter from draining the battery should a button get stuck in the on position for a long period of time. the time period is approximately 25 seconds, after which the device will go to the time- out mode. when in the time-out mode, the device will stop transmitting, although since some circuits within the device are still active, the current draw within the shutoff mode will be more than standby mode. if the most significant bit in the serial number is a one, then the auto-shutoff timer is enabled, and a zero in the most significant bit will disable the timer. the length of the timer is not selectable. 3.5 config (configuration word) the configuration word is a 16-bit word stored in eeprom array that is used by the device to store infor- mation used during the encryption process, as well as the status of option configurations. the following sec- tions further explain these bits. table 3-2: configuration word 3.5.1 discrimination value (disc0 to disc9) the discrimination value aids the post-decryption check on the decoder end. it may be any value, but in a typical system it will be programmed as the 10 least significant bits of the serial number. values other than this must be separately stored by the receiver when a transmitter is learned. the discrimination bits are part of the information that form the encrypted portion of the transmission (figure 4-2). after the receiver has decrypted a transmission, the discrimination bits are checked against the receivers stored value to verify that the decryption process was valid. if the discrimina- tion value was programmed as the 10 lsbs of the serial number then it may merely be compared to the respective bits of the received serial number; saving eeprom space. 3.5.2 overflow bits (ovr0, ovr1) the overflow bits are used to extend the number of possible synchronization values. the synchronization counter is 16 bits in length, yielding 65,536 values before the cycle repeats. under typical use of 10 operations a day, this will provide nearly 18 years of use before a repeated value will be used. should the system designer conclude that is not adequate, then the overflow bits can be utilized to extend the number bit number bit description 0 discrimination bit 0 1 discrimination bit 1 2 discrimination bit 2 3 discrimination bit 3 4 discrimination bit 4 5 discrimination bit 5 6 discrimination bit 6 7 discrimination bit 7 8 discrimination bit 8 9 discrimination bit 9 10 overflow bit 0 (ovr0) 11 overflow bit 1 (ovr1) 12 low voltage trip point select (v low sel ) 13 baud rate select bit 0 (bsl0) 14 baud rate select bit 1 (bsl1) 15 reserved, set to 0
HCS320 ds41097c-page 8 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. of unique values. this can be done by programming ovr0 and ovr1 to 1s at the time of production. the encoder will automatically clear ovr0 the first time that the synchronization value wraps from 0xffff to 0x0000 and clear ovr1 the second time the counter wraps. once cleared, ovr0 and ovr1 cannot be set again, thereby creating a permanent record of the counter overflow. this prevents fast cycling of 64k counter. if the decoder system is programmed to track the overflow bits, then the effective number of unique synchronization values can be extended to 196,608. 3.5.3 baud rate select bits (bsl0, bsl1) bsl0 and bsl1 select the speed of transmission and the code word blanking. table 3-3 shows how the bits are used to select the different baud rates and section 5.6 provides detailed explanation in code word blanking. table 3-3: baud rate select 3.5.4 low voltage trip point select the low voltage trip point select bit is used to tell the HCS320 what v dd level is being used. this information will be used by the device to determine when to send the voltage low signal to the receiver. when this bit is set to a one, the v dd level is assumed to be operating from a 9.0 volt or 12.0 volt v dd level. if the bit is set low, then the v dd level is assumed to be 6.0 volts. refer to figure 3-1 for voltage trip point. figure 3-1: voltage trip points by characterization) bsl1 bsl0 basic pulse element code words transmitted 0 0 400 m sall 0 1 200 m s 1 out of 2 1 0 100 m s 1 out of 2 1 1 100 m s 1 out of 4 -40 20 40 100 8.5 7.5 8.0 7.0 9.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 v low temp (c) volts (v) v low sel = 1 v low sel = 0 4.5 -20 0 60 80 5.0 5.5 max min max min
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 9 HCS320 4.0 transmitted word 4.1 code word format the HCS320 code word is made up of several parts (figure 4-1). each code word contains a 50% duty cycle preamble, a header, 32 bits of encrypted data and 34 bits of fixed data followed by a guard period before another code word can begin. refer to table 8-3 for code word timing. 4.2 code word organization the HCS320 transmits a 66-bit code word when a button is pressed. the 66-bit word is constructed from a fixed code portion and an encrypted code portion (figure 4-2). the 32 bits of encrypted data are generated from 4 button bits, 12 discrimination bits and the 16-bit sync value. the encrypted portion alone provides up to four billion changing code combinations. the 34 bits of fixed code data are made up of 2 sta- tus bits, 4 button bits and the 28-bit serial number. the fixed and encrypted sections combined increase the number of code combinations to 7.38 x 10 19 . figure 4-1: code word format figure 4-2: code word organization logic 0 logic 1 bit period preamble header encrypted portion of transmission fixed portion of transmission guard time t p t h t hop t fix t g t e t e t e 50% duty cycle repeat (1-bit) v low (1-bit) function code (4-bit) serial number (28 bits) function code (4-bit) ovr (2 bits) disc (10 bits) sync counter (16 bits) 34 bits of fixed portion 32 bits of encrypted portion 66 data bits transmitted lsb first. lsb msb
HCS320 ds41097c-page 10 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. 4.3 synchronous transmission mode synchronous transmission mode can be used to clock the code word out using an external clock. to enter synchronous transmission mode, the pro- gramming mode start-up sequence must be executed as shown in figure 4-3. if either s1 or s0 is set on the falling edge of s2, the device enters synchronous transmission mode. in this mode, it functions as a nor- mal transmitter, with the exception that the timing of the pwm data string is controlled externally and 16 extra bits are transmitted at the end with the code word. the button code will be the s0, s1 value at the falling edge of s2. the timing of the pwm data string is con- trolled by supplying a clock on s2 and should not exceed 20 khz. the code word is the same as in pwm mode with 16 reserved bits at the end of the word. the reserved bits can be ignored. when in synchronous transmission mode s2 should not be toggled until all internal processing has been completed as shown in figure 4-4. figure 4-3: synchronous transmission mode figure 4-4: code word organization (synchronous transmission mode) 01,10,11 pwm s2 s[1:0] t ps t ph 1 t ph 2 t = 50ms preamble header data reserved (16 bits) padding (2 bits) function code (4-bit) serial number (28 bits) function code (4-bit) disc+ ovr (12 bits) sync counter (16 bits) 82 data bits transmitted lsb first. lsb msb fixed portion encrypted portion
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 11 HCS320 5.0 special features 5.1 code word completion code word completion is an automatic feature that makes sure that the entire code word is transmitted, even if the transmit button is released before the trans- mission is complete. the HCS320 encoder powers itself up when a button is pushed and powers itself down after the command is finished, if the user has already released the button. if the button is held down beyond the time for one transmission, then multiple transmissions will result. if another button is activated during a transmission, the active transmission will be aborted and the function new code will be generated using the new button information. 5.2 auto-shutoff the auto-shutoff function automatically stops the device from transmitting if a button inadvertently gets pressed for a long period of time. this will prevent the device from draining the battery if a button gets pressed while the transmitter is in a pocket or purse. this function can be enabled or disabled and is selected by setting or clearing the auto-shutoff bit (section 3.4.1). setting this bit high will enable the function (turn auto-shutoff function on) and setting the bit low will disable the function. time-out period is dependent on the shift level and is approximately 42 10 seconds. 5.3 vlow: voltage low indicator the v low bit is transmitted with every transmission (figure 8-6) and will be transmitted as a one if the oper- ating voltage has dropped below the low voltage trip point. the trip point is selectable between two values, based on the battery voltage being used. see section 3.5.4 for a description of how the low voltage select option is set. this v low signal is transmitted so the receiver can alert the user that the transmitter bat- tery is low. 5.4 rpt: repeat indicator this bit will be low for the first transmitted word. if a button is held down for more than one transmitted code word, this bit will be set to indicate a repeated code word and remain set until the button is released. 5.5 led output operation during normal transmission the led output (figure 5-1) indicates the shift level (section 5.7) by flashing the led in a pattern corresponding to the shift level. if the supply voltage drops below the low voltage trip point (section 3.5.4), the led output will be toggled at approximately 5 hz during the transmission. figure 5-1: led flash function (each division - 180 ms) note: depending on the internal resistance of the v dd source, v dd may normally be above the v low trip point except when the led is turned on. in this case, the v low bit will be transmitted as a one when a transmission occurs while the led is on. the v low bit will be transmitted as a zero when a trans- mission occurs while the led is off. 0 1 2 3 shift level led output
HCS320 ds41097c-page 12 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. 5.6 blank alternate code word federal communications commission (fcc) part 15 rules specify the limits on fundamental power and harmonics that can be transmitted. power is calcu- lated on the worst case average power transmitted in a 100 ms window. it is therefore advantageous to minimize the duty cycle of the transmitted word. this can be achieved by minimizing the duty cycle of the individual bits and by blanking out consecutive words. blank alternate code word (bacw) is used for reducing the average power of a transmission (figure 5-1). this is a selectable feature that is deter- mined in conjunction with the baud rate selection bits bsl0 and bsl1. using the bacw allows the user to transmit a higher amplitude transmission if the trans- mission length is shorter. the fcc puts constraints on the average power that can be transmitted by a device, and bacw effectively prevents continuous transmission by only allowing the transmission of every second or every fourth code word. this reduces the average power transmitted and hence, assists in fcc approval of a transmitter device. figure 5-2: blank alternate code word (bacw) code word bacw disabled (all words transmitted) bacw enabled (1 out of 2 transmitted) bacw enabled (1 out of 4 transmitted) a 2a 4a amplitude time code word code word code word
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 13 HCS320 5.7 shift key operation the HCS320 has four switch inputs usually connected to buttons as shown in figure 2-1: typical circuits. any button connected to input s0, s1 or s2 is called a transmit button as it causes a transmission when pressed. the shift button is connected to the shift input. pressing the shift button increments a counter by one count and does not result in a transmission. the counter value is called the shift level. successive presses of the shift button can increase the shift level up to three before wrapping back to zero. the shift level is available for eight seconds when the shift button is released, after which the shift level is reset to zero. when a transmit button is pressed, the function code transmitted for that button depends on the shift level. the transmitted function code corresponding to shift level and s0, s1 and s2 switch activation is shown in table 5-1 for all legal combinations of shift level and button input. note that a shift level of zero means that the shift button has not been pressed (or it has been pressed four times). the shift level is reset to zero after a transmission. the volatile nature of the shift level register requires the HCS320 to be powered continuously for correct opera- tion and not powered via the buttons. table 5-1: pin activation table shift level s2 s1 s0 function code 0 000no transmission 0 001 0h 0 010 1h 0 011 2h 0 100 3h 1 000no transmission 1 001 4h 1 010 5h 1 011 6h 1 100 7h 2 000no transmission 20 01 8h 2 010 9h 2 011 ah 2 100 bh 3 000no transmission 3 001 ch 3 010 dh 3 011 eh 3 100 fh
HCS320 ds41097c-page 14 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. 6.0 programming the HCS320 when using the HCS320 in a system, the user will have to program some parameters into the device including the serial number and the secret key before it can be used. the programming cycle allows the user to input all 192 bits in a serial data stream, which are then stored internally in eeprom. programming will be initiated by forcing the pwm line high, after the s2 line has been held high for the appropriate length of time line (table 6-1 and figure 6-1). after the program mode is entered, a delay must be provided to the device for the automatic bulk write cycle to complete. this will set all locations in the eeprom to zeros . the device can then be programmed by clocking in 16 bits at a time, using s2 as the clock line and pwm as the data in line. after each 16-bit word is loaded, a pro- gramming delay is required for the internal program cycle to complete. this delay can take up to t wc . at the end of the programming cycle, the device can be veri- fied (figure 6-2) by reading back the eeprom. read- ing is done by clocking the s2 line and reading the data bits on pwm. for security reasons, it is not possible to execute a verify function without first programming the eeprom. a verify operation can only be done once, immediately following the program cycle . figure 6-1: programming waveforms figure 6-2: verify waveforms note: to ensure that the device does not acci- dentally enter programming mode, pwm should never be pulled high by the circuit connected to it. special care should be taken when driving pnp rf transistors. pwm enter program mode (data) (clock) note 1: unused button inputs to be held to ground during the entire programming sequence. bit 0 bit 1 bit 2 bit 3 bit 14 bit 15 bit 16 bit 17 t ph 1 t pbw t ps repeat for each word (12 times) t ph 2 t clkh t clkl t wc t ds s2 data for word 0 (key_0) data for word 1 t dh 2: the v dd pin must be taken to ground after a program/verify cycle. pwm (clock) (data) note: if a verify operation is to be done, then it must immediately follow the program cycle. end of programming cycle beginning of verify cycle bit 1 bit 2 bit 3 bit 15 bit 14 bit 16 bit 17 bit190 bit191 t wc data from word 0 t dv s2 bit 0 bit191 bit190
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 15 HCS320 table 6-1: programming/verify timing requirements note 1: typical values - not tested in production. v dd = 5.0v 10%, 25 c 5 c parameter symbol min. max. units program mode setup time t ps 3.5 4.5 ms hold time 1 t ph 1 3.5 ms hold time 2 t ph 2 50 m s bulk write time t pbw 4.0 ms program delay time t prog 4.0 ms program cycle time t wc 50 ms clock low time t clkl 50 m s clock high time t clkh 50 m s data setup time t ds 0 m s (1) data hold time t dh 30 m s (1) data out valid time t dv 30 m s (1)
HCS320 ds41097c-page 16 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. 7.0 integrating the HCS320 into a system use of the HCS320 in a system requires a compatible decoder. this decoder is typically a microcontroller with compatible firmware. microchip will provide (via a license agreement) firmware routines that accept transmissions from the HCS320 and decrypt the hopping code portion of the data stream. these routines provide system designers the means to develop their own decoding system. 7.1 learning a transmitter to a receiver a transmitter must first be 'learned' by a decoder before its use is allowed in the system. several learning strat- egies are possible, figure 7-1 details a typical learn sequence. core to each, the decoder must minimally store each learned transmitter's serial number and cur- rent synchronization counter value in eeprom. addi- tionally, the decoder typically stores each transmitter's unique crypt key. the maximum number of learned transmitters will therefore be relative to the available eeprom. a transmitter's serial number is transmitted in the clear but the synchronization counter only exists in the code word's encrypted portion. the decoder obtains the counter value by decrypting using the same key used to encrypt the information. the k ee l oq algorithm is a symmetrical block cipher so the encryption and decryp- tion keys are identical and referred to generally as the crypt key. the encoder receives its crypt key during manufacturing. the decoder is programmed with the ability to generate a crypt key as well as all but one required input to the key generation routine; typically the transmitter's serial number. figure 7-1 summarizes a typical learn sequence. the decoder receives and authenticates a first transmis- sion; first button press. authentication involves gener- ating the appropriate crypt key, decrypting, validating the correct key usage via the discrimination bits and buffering the counter value. a second transmission is received and authenticated. a final check verifies the counter values were sequential; consecutive button presses. if the learn sequence is successfully com- plete, the decoder stores the learned transmitter's serial number, current synchronization counter value and appropriate crypt key. from now on the crypt key will be retrieved from eeprom during normal opera- tion instead of recalculating it for each transmission received. certain learning strategies have been patented and care must be taken not to infringe. figure 7-1: typical learn sequence enter learn mode wait for reception of a valid code generate key from serial number use generated key to decrypt compare discrimination value with fixed value equal wait for reception of second valid code compare discrimination value with fixed value use generated key to decrypt equal counters encryption key serial number synchronization counter sequential ? ? ? exit learn successful store: learn unsuccessful no no no yes yes yes
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 17 HCS320 7.2 decoder operation figure 7-2 summarizes normal decoder operation. the decoder waits until a transmission is received. the received serial number is compared to the eeprom table of learned transmitters to first determine if this transmitter's use is allowed in the system. if from a learned transmitter, the transmission is decrypted using the stored crypt key and authenticated via the discrimination bits for appropriate crypt key usage. if the decryption was valid the synchronization value is evaluated. figure 7-2: typical decoder operation 7.3 synchronization with decoder (evaluating the counter) the k ee l oq technology patent scope includes a sophisticated synchronization technique that does not require the calculation and storage of future codes. the technique securely blocks invalid transmissions while providing transparent resynchronization to transmitters inadvertently activated away from the receiver. figure 7-3 shows a 3-partition, rotating synchronization window. the size of each window is optional but the technique is fundamental. each time a transmission is authenticated, the intended function is executed and the transmission's synchronization counter value is stored in eeprom. from the currently stored counter value there is an initial "single operation" forward win- dow of 16 codes. if the difference between a received synchronization counter and the last stored counter is within 16, the intended function will be executed on the single button press and the new synchronization counter will be stored. storing the new synchronization counter value effectively rotates the entire synchroniza- tion window. a "double operation" (resynchronization) window fur- ther exists from the single operation window up to 32k codes forward of the currently stored counter value. it is referred to as "double operation" because a trans- mission with synchronization counter value in this win- dow will require an additional, sequential counter transmission prior to executing the intended function. upon receiving the sequential transmission the decoder executes the intended function and stores the synchronization counter value. this resynchronization occurs transparently to the user as it is human nature to press the button a second time if the first was unsuc- cessful. the third window is a "blocked window" ranging from the double operation window to the currently stored synchronization counter value. any transmission with synchronization counter value within this window will be ignored. this window excludes previously used, perhaps code-grabbed transmissions from accessing the system. ? transmission received does serial number match ? decrypt transmission is decryption valid ? is counter within 16 ? is counter within 32k ? update counter execute command save counter in temp location start no no no no yes yes yes yes yes no and no note: the synchronization method described in this section is only a typical implementation and because it is usually implemented in firmware, it can be altered to fit the needs of a particular system.
HCS320 ds41097c-page 18 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. figure 7-3: synchronization window blocked entire window rotates to eliminate use of previously used codes single operation window window (32k codes) (16 codes) double operation (resynchronization) window (32k codes) stored synchronization counter value
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 19 HCS320 8.0 electrical characteristics table 8-1: absolute maximum ratings table 8-2: dc characteristics symbol item rating units v dd supply voltage -0.3 to 13.3 v v in input voltage -0.3 to 13.3 v v out output voltage -0.3 to v dd + 0.3 v i out max output current 25 ma t stg storage temperature -55 to +125 c (note) t lsol lead soldering temp 300 c (note) v esd esd rating 4000 v note: stresses above those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. commercial(c):tamb = 0c to +70c industrial(i):tamb = -40c to +85c 3.5v < v dd < 13.0v parameter sym. min typ* max unit conditions operating current (avg) i cc 0.6 2.0 10.0 1.0 3.0 15.0 ma v dd = 3.5v v dd = 6.6v v dd = 13.0v (figure 8-1) standby current i ccs 110 m a high level input voltage v ih 0.4 v dd v dd + 0.3 v low level input voltage v il -0.3 0.15 v dd v high level output voltage v oh 0.5 v dd vi oh = -2 ma low level output voltage v ol 0.11 v dd vi ol = 2 ma led sink current i led 5.0 11.0 6.5 14 9.0 20 ma v dd = 6.6v v dd = 13.0v pull-down resistance; s0,s1,s2, shift r s 0-3 40 60 80 k w v in = 4.0v pull-down resistance; pwm r pwm 80 120 160 k w v in = 4.0v note: typical values are at 25c.
HCS320 ds41097c-page 20 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. figure 8-1: typical icc curve of HCS320 23456789 1112 13 10 ma 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 v bat [v] typical maximum minimum legend
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 21 HCS320 figure 8-2: power-up and transmit timing figure 8-3: power-up and transmit timing requirements figure 8-4: code word format v dd = +3.5 to13.0v commercial (c): tamb = 0c to +70c industrial (i): tamb = -40c to +85c parameter symbol min max unit remarks time to second button press t bp 10 + code word time 27 + code word time ms (note 1) transmit delay from button detect t td 10 27 ms debounce delay t db 615ms auto-shutoff time-out period t to 22 77 s (note 2) note 1: t bp is the time in which a second button can be pressed without completion of the first code word and the intention was to press the combination of buttons. 2: the auto-shutoff time-out period is not tested. button press sn detect t db output t td multiple code word transmission t to code word 1 code word 2 code word 3 code word n t bp code word 4 pwm input button logic 0 logic 1 bit period preamble header encrypted portion of transmission fixed portion of transmission guard time t p t h t hop t fix t g 50% duty cycle t bp t e t e t e
HCS320 ds41097c-page 22 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. figure 8-5: code word format: preamble/header portion figure 8-6: code word format: data portion table 8-3: code word transmission timing requirements v dd = +3.5 to 13.0 commercial(c): tamb = 0c to +70c industrial(i):tamb = -40c to +85c code words transmitted all 1 out of 2 1 out of 4 symbol characteristic number of t e min. typ. max. min. typ. max. min. typ. max. units t e basic pulse element 1 280 400 620 140 200 310 70 100 155 m s t bp pwm bit pulse width 3 840 1200 1860 420 600 930 210 300 465 m s t p preamble duration 23 6.4 9.2 14.3 3.2 4.6 7.1 1.6 2.3 3.6 ms t h header duration 10 2.8 4.0 6.2 1.4 2.0 3.1 0.7 1.0 1.6 ms t hop hopping code duration 96 26.9 38.4 59.5 13.4 19.2 29.8 6.7 9.6 14.9 ms t fix fixed code duration 102 28.6 40.8 63.2 14.3 20.4 31.6 7.1 10.2 15.8 ms t g guard time 199 55.6 79.6 123.5 28.1 39.8 61.7 13.8 19.9 30.6 ms total transmit time 430 120.3 172.0 266.7 60.4 86.0 133.3 29.9 43.0 66.5 ms pwm data rate 1190 833 538 2381 1667 1075 4762 3333 2151 bps note: the timing parameters are not tested but derived from the oscillator clock. 50% duty cycle preamble header p1 p12 23 t e 10 t e data bits bit 0 bit 1 bit 0 bit 1 header bit 30 bit 31 bit 32 bit 33 bit 58 bit 59 fixed portion encrypted portion guard lsb lsb msb msb s3 s0 s1 s2 v low rpt time serial number button code status bit 60 bit 61 bit 62 bit 63 bit 64 bit 65
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 23 HCS320 figure 8-7: HCS320 te vs. temp (by characterization only) 0.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.6 t e min. t e max. t e max. te temperature v dd = 3.5v v dd = 5.0v v dd = 5.0v v dd = 5.0v typical
HCS320 ds41097c-page 24 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. 9.0 packaging information 9.1 package marking information 8-lead pdip (300 mil) example 8-lead soic (150 mil) example xxxxxxxx xxxxxnnn yyww hcs200 xxxxxnnn 0025 xxxxxxx xxxyyww nnn hcs200 xxx0025 nnn legend: xx...x customer specific information* y year code (last digit of calendar year) yy year code (last 2 digits of calendar year) ww week code (week of january 1 is week 01) nnn alphanumeric traceability code note : in the event the full microchip part number cannot be marked on one line, it will be carried over to the next line thus limiting the number of available characters for customer specific information. * standard picmicro device marking consists of microchip part number, year code, week code, and traceability code. for picmicro device marking beyond this, certain price adders apply. please check with your microchip sales office. for qtp devices, any special marking adders are included in qtp price.
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 25 HCS320 9.2 package details 8-lead plastic dual in-line (p) - 300 mil (pdip) b1 b a1 a l a2 p a e eb b c e1 n d 1 2 units inches* millimeters dimension limits min nom max min nom max number of pins n 88 pitch p .100 2.54 top to seating plane a .140 .155 .170 3.56 3.94 4.32 molded package thickness a2 .115 .130 .145 2.92 3.30 3.68 base to seating plane a1 .015 0.38 shoulder to shoulder width e .300 .313 .325 7.62 7.94 8.26 molded package width e1 .240 .250 .260 6.10 6.35 6.60 overall length d .360 .373 .385 9.14 9.46 9.78 tip to seating plane l .125 .130 .135 3.18 3.30 3.43 lead thickness c .008 .012 .015 0.20 0.29 0.38 upper lead width b1 .045 .058 .070 1.14 1.46 1.78 lower lead width b .014 .018 .022 0.36 0.46 0.56 overall row spacing eb .310 .370 .430 7.87 9.40 10.92 mold draft angle top a 51015 51015 mold draft angle bottom b 51015 51015 * controlling parameter notes: dimensions d and e1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed jedec equivalent: ms-001 drawing no. c04-018 .010 (0.254mm) per side. significant characteristic
HCS320 ds41097c-page 26 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. 8-lead plastic small outline (sn) - narrow, 150 mil (soic) foot angle f 048048 15 12 0 15 12 0 b mold draft angle bottom 15 12 0 15 12 0 a mold draft angle top 0.51 0.42 0.33 .020 .017 .013 b lead width 0.25 0.23 0.20 .010 .009 .008 c lead thickness 0.76 0.62 0.48 .030 .025 .019 l foot length 0.51 0.38 0.25 .020 .015 .010 h chamfer distance 5.00 4.90 4.80 .197 .193 .189 d overall length 3.99 3.91 3.71 .157 .154 .146 e1 molded package width 6.20 6.02 5.79 .244 .237 .228 e overall width 0.25 0.18 0.10 .010 .007 .004 a1 standoff 1.55 1.42 1.32 .061 .056 .052 a2 molded package thickness 1.75 1.55 1.35 .069 .061 .053 a overall height 1.27 .050 p pitch 8 8 n number of pins max nom min max nom min dimension limits millimeters inches* units 2 1 d n p b e e1 h l b c 45 f a2 a a a1 * controlling parameter notes: dimensions d and e1 do not include mold flash or protrusions. mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed .010 (0.254mm) per side. jedec equivalent: ms-012 drawing no. c04-057 significant characteristic
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 27 HCS320 on-line support microchip provides on-line support on the microchip world wide web (www) site. the web site is used by microchip as a means to make files and information easily available to customers. to view the site, the user must have access to the internet and a web browser, such as netscape or microsoft explorer. files are also available for ftp download from our ftp site. connecting to the microchip internet web site the microchip web site is available by using your favorite internet browser to attach to: www.microchip.com the file transfer site is available by using an ftp ser- vice to connect to: ftp://ftp.microchip.com the web site and file transfer site provide a variety of services. users may download files for the latest development tools, data sheets, application notes, user's guides, articles and sample programs. a vari- ety of microchip specific business information is also available, including listings of microchip sales offices, distributors and factory representatives. other data available for consideration is: ? latest microchip press releases ? technical support section with frequently asked questions ? design tips ? device errata ? job postings ? microchip consultant program member listing ? links to other useful web sites related to microchip products ? conferences for products, development systems, technical information and more ? listing of seminars and events systems information and upgrade hot line the systems information and upgrade line provides system users a listing of the latest versions of all of microchip's development systems software products. plus, this line provides information on how customers can receive any currently available upgrade kits.the hot line numbers are: 1-800-755-2345 for u.s. and most of canada, and 1-480-792-7302 for the rest of the world.
HCS320 ds41097c-page 28 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. reader response it is our intention to provide you with the best documentation possible to ensure successful use of your microchip prod- uct. if you wish to provide your comments on organization, clarity, subject matter, and ways in which our documentation can better serve you, please fax your comments to the technical publications manager at (480) 792-4150. please list the following information, and use this outline to provide us with your comments about this data sheet. to : technical publications manager re: reader response total pages sent from: name company address city / state / zip / country telephone: (_______) _________ - _________ application (optional): would you like a reply? y n device: literature number: questions: fax: (______) _________ - _________ ds41097c HCS320 1. what are the best features of this document? 2. how does this document meet your hardware and software development needs? 3. do you find the organization of this data sheet easy to follow? if not, why? 4. what additions to the data sheet do you think would enhance the structure and subject? 5. what deletions from the data sheet could be made without affecting the overall usefulness? 6. is there any incorrect or misleading information (what and where)? 7. how would you improve this document? 8. how would you improve our software, systems, and silicon products?
? 2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c-page 29 HCS320 HCS320 product identification system to order or obtain information, e.g., on pricing or delivery, refer to the factory or the listed sales office. sales and support package: p = plastic dip (300 mil body), 8-lead sn = plastic soic (150 mil body), 8-lead temperature blank = 0 c to +70 c range: i = C40c to +85c device: HCS320 = code hopping encoder HCS320t = code hopping encoder (tape and reel) hcs 320 - /p data sheets products supported by a preliminary data sheet may have an errata sheet describing minor operational differences and recommended workarounds. to determine if an errata sheet exists for a particular device, please contact one of the following: 1. your local microchip sales office 2. the microchip corporate literature center u.s. fax: (480) 792-7277 3. the microchip worldwide site (www.microchip.com) please specify which device, revision of silicon and data sheet (include literature #) you are using. new customer notification system register on our web site (www.microchip.com/cn) to receive the most current information on our products.
HCS320 ds41097c-page 30 ? 2001 microchip technology inc. notes:
2001 microchip technology inc. ds41097c - page 31 information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. it is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. no representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed by microchip technology incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or otherwise. use of microchips products as critical com- ponents in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by microchip. no licenses are con- veyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property rights. trademarks the microchip name and logo, the microchip logo, filterlab, k ee l oq , mplab, pic, picmicro, picmaster, picstart, pro mate, seeval and the embedded control solutions company are registered trademarks of microchip technology incorporated in the u.s.a. and other countries. dspic, economonitor, fansense, flexrom, fuzzylab, in-circuit serial programming, icsp, icepic, microid, microport, migratable memory, mpasm, mplib, mplink, mpsim, mxdev, picc, picdem, picdem.net, rfpic, select mode and total endurance are trademarks of microchip technology incorporated in the u.s.a. serialized quick turn programming (sqtp) is a service mark of microchip technology incorporated in the u.s.a. all other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. ? 2001, microchip technology incorporated, printed in the u.s.a., all rights reserved. printed on recycled paper. microchip received qs-9000 quality system certification for its worldwide headquarters, design and wafer fabrication facilities in chandler and tempe, arizona in july 1999. the companys quality system processes and procedures are qs-9000 compliant for its picmicro ? 8-bit mcus, k ee l oq ? code hopping devices, serial eeproms and microperipheral products. in addition, microchips quality system for the design and manufacture of development systems is iso 9001 certified. microchips secure data products are covered by some or all of the following patents: code hopping encoder patents issued in europe, u.s.a., and r.s.a. u.s.a.: 5,517,187; europe: 0459781; r.s.a.: za93/4726 secure learning patents issued in the u.s.a. and r.s.a. u.s.a.: 5,686,904; r.s.a.: 95/5429
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